Handbook on Crime and Deviance (Paperback, 2009)

The eldofcrimeanddevianceisextensiveandevergrowing. Asinglecollectionofarticles couldnotcapturethevariousmethods,theories,andissuesthatcomprisethekeyconcernsofthe discipline. Facedwiththevastarrayofpotentialtopicareasthatcouldbelegitimatelyincluded insuchacompendium,wedecidedtouseourownlenstofocusonareasthatwedeemtobeof continuingimportanceandthoseinwhichimportantdevelopmentshaveemerged. Althoughwe recognizethatmuchhasbeenexcludedfromthiscollection,wethinkwhathasbeenincorporated shouldbeofgreatinteresttoscholarsworkinginthe eldandtothosestudentswhoarebecoming acquaintedwithit. Thecompendiumisdividedintofourmajorsections:(1)MethodologicalIssuesinCrime Research;(2)ExplanationsofCrime;(3)CriminalJustice-RelatedIssues;and(4)SpecialTopics inCrime. Withineachsection,wehaveendeavoredtoselectauthorswhoaremajor guresin theareaonwhichtheywriteorareamongthoseyoungscholarswhoaredoingsomeofthe mostimportantworkintheirareasofexpertise. Thisblendofseniorandup-and-comingscholars demonstratesthecontinuingvitalityofthe eldandwehopethatvitalityemanatesfromthe selectionswehavechosen. PartItitled"MethodologicalIssuesinCrimeResearch"containsfourchapters. Theissues thataredealtwithrangefromthosethatarethesourceofcontinuingdebate(arelongitudinal designsworththeexpenseandeffort,anddothebene tsofcomparativestudiesoutweighthe dif cultiesinconductingthem)aswellasissuesthatareonthecuttingedgeofcriminolo- calresearchtoday(theuseofgroup-basedstatisticalmethodologyforanalyzingdevelopmental trajectoriesandtheuseofincident-basedreportingsystems). A Handbook on Crime and DeviancewouldcertainlynotbecompletewithoutaPartII titled"ExplanationsofCrime. "Wehavenotincludedachapteroneverytheoreticalperspective thathasbeenpartofthedisciplinarydialogue. Rather,wehaveselectedsomeofthetheories onwhichtherehasbeensigni cantdevelopmentoverthepast10years. Theauthorswhohave contributedchaptersareclearlyamongthosewhoarecurrentlydoingworktoadvanceeitherthe theoreticaldevelopmentofthoseperspectivesortheresearchagendaonthosetheories,orboth. v vi Preface Theyalsowereinstructedtoemphasizethemorerecentdevelopmentsoftherespectivetheories intheirexpositions. PartIIIcontainschaptersaddressing"CriminalJustice-RelatedIssues. "Thereweream- iadofissuesthatcouldhavebeenaddressedinthispart. Wechosetoseekcontributionsonissues thatrelatetheorytopractice. Althoughweseparatethemfromourtheorysection,thesesel- tionscouldhaveeasilybeenincludedthere. Wealsoincludedessaysontwoissuesthatcontinue tobeamongthosethatareofcontinuingconcern,capitalpunishment,andthein uenceofrace andsexintheprocessingofoffendersinthecriminaljusticesystem. Part IV of the Handbook, "Special Topics in Crime and Deviance", is a compilation of issuesthatcontinuetobeorhavebecome'hottopics'inour eld. Theyrangefromgangs,guns, peers,anddrugstoissuessuchaschildabuseanddomesticviolence,cybercrime,andhatecrime. Thereareexcitingtheoreticalandresearchdevelopmentsintheseareas,manyofwhichhavebeen forwardedbytheauthorsofthesechapters. WhenrepresentativesofSpringeraskedustoassembleacompendium,theyspeci cally instructedustoselectarticlesbasedonourvisionofwhatwashappeninginthe eldtoday. Wehaveendeavoredtodothat. Moreimportantly,insolicitingchaptersfromthecontributing authors,weaskedthemtorelyontheirviewofwhatwasofparticularcurrentinterestintheir areaofexpertise. Wefurtherencouragedthemtoincorporatetheirownworkintheseareasin ordertotakefulladvantageoftheirexpertise. Theresultisacompendiumthatincludesan- to-dateassessmentofthestateofthe eldonanumberofextremelyimportanttopicsincrime anddeviance. Wethinkitwillbeavaluableresourcetoestablishedscholarsaswellasstudents whoarebeingintroducedtothe eld. MARVIN D. KROHN Contents I. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN CRIME RESEARCH Alan J. Lizotte 1. Contributions of Cross-National Research to Criminology at the Beginning of the 21st Century ...3 Janet P. Stamatel Introduction...3 WhatDoesCross-NationalCriminologyMean? ...4 TheValueOfCross-NationalCriminology...5 AskingDifferentQuestions...6 Macro-levelExplanations...7 ContextualizingCrimeinTimeandSpace ...8 MethodologicalChallengesAndNewDevelopments...9 QuantitativeApproaches ...9 QualitativeApproaches ...12 TheoreticalChallengesAndNewDevelopments ...13 GrandTheories ...14 AdaptingIntra-nationalTheoriestotheCross-NationalSetting ...15 NewDirectionsforCross-NationalCrimeTheories ...16 Conclusions...18 References ...18 2. Studying the Crime Problem with NIBRS Data: Current Uses and Future Trends ...23 Lynn A. Addington Introduction...23 OverviewOfNIBRS ...24 OriginsofNIBRSandInitialGoalsforIncident-BasedCrimeData...24 InformationCollectedbyNIBRS...2 5 vii viii Contents LawEnforcementParticipationinNIBRS...28 CurrentUsesOfNIBRSDataToResearchCrime...30 EarlyUsesofNIBRSData...30 ExamplesofCurrentUsesforNIBRSData ...30 ChallengesToUsingNIBRSData ...34 Challenge1:ConcernswithDataQuality ...34 Challenge2:LimitationswithPolice-GeneratedCrimeData ...35 Challenge3:AnalyticalComplexityofNIBRSData ...35 FutureTrendsInUsingNIBRSDataToStudyCrime ...35 AddressingChallenge1:ConcernswithDataQuality ...36 AddressingChallenge2:LimitationswithPolice-GeneratedCrimeData ...38 AddressingChallenge3:AnalyticalComplexityofNIBRSData...39 Conclusion...39 References ...40 3. Longitudinal Data and Their Uses...43 Alan J. Lizotte, David McDowall, and Nicole M. Schmidt Introduction...43 TheRochesterYouthDevelopmentStudy ...44 Data...44 Measures...44 Cross-SectionalVersusLongitudinalData ...46 ExamplesofDifferencesBetweenCross-SectionalandLongitudinal Analyses ...46 Conclusions...56 References ...